Direction: Read the following passages carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage
Translation is of immense importance today. With rapid commercialization, the narrow barriers between nations are fast disappearing. In the past, there used to be practically no communication amongst nations. The modern world, however, is no longer divided into water-tight compartments. We are heading towards one world, thanks to development in the fields of communication among nations today. Translation forges bonds of unity amongst people who speak different languages. Even if we do not know a particular language or the literature of a particular nation, we can know its richness and the depth of its ideas through translation. Translation also helps in understanding the rich cultural heritage of a nation. Thus a multi-lingual person has a multi-focal view of the world. Translation also serves as a mode of cultural exchange in a multi-lingual country. It plays a pivotal role in the evolution of a pluralistic national
identity. The achievement of translation is both the globalisation of culture and the promotion of intra and intercultural bonding. One may appreciate and enjoy through translation the plays of Shakespeare even if one does not know the English language. One may also know the rich world of Homer, Virgil, Dante, Milton, Dickens, Hardy, Leo Tolstoy, Zola and Munshi Prem Chand through translation. Translation responds to our intellectual, cultural and spiritual needs. It is necessary for information and for the exchange of ideas. Translation, which has hitherto been neglected and marginalized, has assumed importance with rapid globalization. It is now considered an art which requires mastery and perfection. A good translator is able to do away with superficiality and has a clear understanding of the text to be translated. He should have mastery over the subtle nuances of the language from which he is translating. Translating a passage of one language into another literally is not only impossible but would also result in incorrect grammar and syntax.
MEANINGS OF WORDS/PHRASES
(1) forges (V.) : to put a lot of effort into making something successful/ strong so that it will last
(2) hither to (Adv.) : up to the present time
(3) subtle (Adj.) : not very noticeable/obvious
(4) nuances (N.) : a very slight difference in meaning, sound, colour/feelings
(5) syntax (N.) : a systematic orderly arrangement

Direction: Read the following passages carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Passage
A classless society, however, does not mean a society without leaders. It means rather one in which every citizen becomes for the first time eligible for leadership, if he has the power to lead. It means a society in which every one is given, as far as possible, the chance to develop this power by the widest diffusion of educational opportunities in the broadest sense, and by keeping the career wide open to talents of every useful kind. It is often said that a community of equals will not allow itself to be led. But in fact, most men are, in most things, very willing to be led, and more in danger of giving their leaders too much than too little authority, especially if they are free to choose them, and assured that the leaders cannot exploit them for personal economic advantage; leadership, so far from disappearing, will come into its own in a truly democratic society. But it is likely to be a more diffused leadership than we are used to; for a better-nurtured people will have more citizens with strong wills and minds of their own, wishful to lead; some in politics, some in industry, and some in professions and arts of life. This is the idea of a classless society. Some will reject it as contrary to their interest, some as utopian and against ‘Human nature’, for there are some who deny, indeed if not in word, that the aim of society should be to promote the greatest happiness and welfare of the greatest number and others who hold, with pessimistic honesty, that most men must be driven and not led.
MEANINGS OF WORDS/PHRASES
(1) Utopian (N.) : an idealistic social reformer
(2) Cynical (Adj.) : having a sneering disbelief in others
(3) Expository (Adj.) : intended to explain/describe something
(4) Factual (Adj.) : existing in act/fact
(5) Critical (Adj.) : marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws
(6) Satirical (Adj.) : exposing human folly to ridicule
(7) diffusion
(N.) : spread of something