Synthetic seeds or artificial seeds are seed-like structures derived from somatic embryos under in vitro condition after encapsulation by hydrogen. These are tissue culture derived somatic embryos encased in a protective coating. Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced in those plant species where the somatic embryos are recalcitrant and sensitive to desiccation. Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogel capsules. The somatic embryos are mixed with sodium alginate (2 %) and the suspension is dropped into the calcium salts solution (200mM). The principle involved is when sodium alginate dropped into the calcium salt solutions it form round firm beads due to the ion exchange between Na+ in sodium alginate and Ca²⁺ in calcium slat solutions and sodium alginate form calcium alginate in 20-30 minutes. The calcium salt used can be calcium nitrate. ​

Correct Option: A

Synthetic seeds or artificial seeds are seed-like structures derived from somatic embryos under in vitro condition after encapsulation by hydrogen. These are tissue culture derived somatic embryos encased in a protective coating. Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced in those plant species where the somatic embryos are recalcitrant and sensitive to desiccation. Hydrated synthetic seeds are produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos in hydrogel capsules. The somatic embryos are mixed with sodium alginate (2 %) and the suspension is dropped into the calcium salts solution (200mM). The principle involved is when sodium alginate dropped into the calcium salt solutions it form round firm beads due to the ion exchange between Na+ in sodium alginate and Ca²⁺ in calcium slat solutions and sodium alginate form calcium alginate in 20-30 minutes. The calcium salt used can be calcium nitrate. ​

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a naturally occurring protein that catalyze the conversion of the inactive proenzyme plasminogen into active serine protease plasmin. It is one of the two major endogenous mammalian enzymes with this property and is found in blood and tissues from various organs. Although it exerts a similar enzymatic action, it is structurally different from the other major endogenous enzymes, urokinase. t-PA can be used to treat some people who are having a stroke caused by a blood clot. It plays an important role in cell migration and tissue remodeling.

Correct Option: B

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a naturally occurring protein that catalyze the conversion of the inactive proenzyme plasminogen into active serine protease plasmin. It is one of the two major endogenous mammalian enzymes with this property and is found in blood and tissues from various organs. Although it exerts a similar enzymatic action, it is structurally different from the other major endogenous enzymes, urokinase. t-PA can be used to treat some people who are having a stroke caused by a blood clot. It plays an important role in cell migration and tissue remodeling.

The yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is an artificially constructed system that can undergo replication. The design of a YAC allows extremely large segments of genetic materials to be inserted. Subsequent round of replication produce many copies of the inserted sequence, is a genetic procedure known as cloning. The reason the cloning vector is called the YAC has to do with the structure of vector.YACs are shuttle vector that can be amplified in bacteria and employed for the cloning and the manipulation of large DNA inserts (up to 3mb pairs) in the yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Large DNA (>100 Kb) is ligated between two arms.

Correct Option: A

The yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is an artificially constructed system that can undergo replication. The design of a YAC allows extremely large segments of genetic materials to be inserted. Subsequent round of replication produce many copies of the inserted sequence, is a genetic procedure known as cloning. The reason the cloning vector is called the YAC has to do with the structure of vector.YACs are shuttle vector that can be amplified in bacteria and employed for the cloning and the manipulation of large DNA inserts (up to 3mb pairs) in the yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Large DNA (>100 Kb) is ligated between two arms.

Embryonic stem cells possess the capacity to divide for long periods and retain their ability to make all cell types within the organism. These are termed pluripotent stem cells. They are derived from a fertilized embryo. Cells are obtained from an embryo in the blastula phase, when they are still only a few days old. Because they have only begun to differentiate, these cells have the capability of developing into any cell in the human body which makes them potentially important in medicine.

Correct Option: A

Embryonic stem cells possess the capacity to divide for long periods and retain their ability to make all cell types within the organism. These are termed pluripotent stem cells. They are derived from a fertilized embryo. Cells are obtained from an embryo in the blastula phase, when they are still only a few days old. Because they have only begun to differentiate, these cells have the capability of developing into any cell in the human body which makes them potentially important in medicine.

Somatic embryogenesis can be initiated either directly without going through the callus phase from predetermined embryonic cells or indirectly through callus proliferation and differentiation into embryonic cells within the callus tissue

Correct Option: D

Somatic embryogenesis can be initiated either directly without going through the callus phase from predetermined embryonic cells or indirectly through callus proliferation and differentiation into embryonic cells within the callus tissue