Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. In plants, somatic embryogenesis comprises of embryo initiation followed by embryo production. ​​
Embryo initiation occurs on a medium rich in auxin, which induces differentiation of localized meristematic cells. The auxin typically used is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). thus embryo initiation is dependent on 2,4-D. While these are transferred to a medium containing low or no auxin, then embryo production does not require high concentration of 2, 4-D. ​

Correct Option: C

Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. In plants, somatic embryogenesis comprises of embryo initiation followed by embryo production. ​​
Embryo initiation occurs on a medium rich in auxin, which induces differentiation of localized meristematic cells. The auxin typically used is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). thus embryo initiation is dependent on 2,4-D. While these are transferred to a medium containing low or no auxin, then embryo production does not require high concentration of 2, 4-D. ​

EST is a unique stretch of DNA within a coding region of a gene that is useful for identifying full- length genes and serves as a landmark for mapping. An EST is a sequence tagged site (STS) derived from cDNA library.
EST’s sequence can be submiited or accessed from 3 universal databases- GenBank, DDBJ, EMBL. NCBI also has a database exclusively for EST generation are individual from a cDNA library. ​

Correct Option: A

EST is a unique stretch of DNA within a coding region of a gene that is useful for identifying full- length genes and serves as a landmark for mapping. An EST is a sequence tagged site (STS) derived from cDNA library.
EST’s sequence can be submiited or accessed from 3 universal databases- GenBank, DDBJ, EMBL. NCBI also has a database exclusively for EST generation are individual from a cDNA library. ​

​In somatic cell gene transfer, the therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cell or body, of a patient. It involves using a vector such as a virus to deliver therapeutic gene to the appropriate target cells. This technique is currently the basis for cloning animals (creating transgenic animals) and is used in vitro. ​

Correct Option: B

​In somatic cell gene transfer, the therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cell or body, of a patient. It involves using a vector such as a virus to deliver therapeutic gene to the appropriate target cells. This technique is currently the basis for cloning animals (creating transgenic animals) and is used in vitro. ​

TDT do not require a template as it adds N-nucleotides to the variable exons during antibody gene recombination. It functions by catalysing the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ terminus using 3’ – overhang as the substrate. Also it can act independently on blunt or recessed 3’ ends. It is expressed in immature, pre- B , pre –T lymphoid cells and uses cobalt as cofactor, also Mg/Mn ²⁺ presence in-vitro. It is used in adding nucleotides labelled with radioactive isotopes in TUNEL assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling). ​

Correct Option: C

TDT do not require a template as it adds N-nucleotides to the variable exons during antibody gene recombination. It functions by catalysing the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ terminus using 3’ – overhang as the substrate. Also it can act independently on blunt or recessed 3’ ends. It is expressed in immature, pre- B , pre –T lymphoid cells and uses cobalt as cofactor, also Mg/Mn ²⁺ presence in-vitro. It is used in adding nucleotides labelled with radioactive isotopes in TUNEL assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling). ​

Vancomycin is the antibiotic resistance marker that cannot be used in a cloning vector in gram negative bacteria. Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin treats only gram positive infections (commonly a skin infection, an example of a Gram positive infection). It has little/no use against a gram negative bacteria because vancomycin acts by binding to parts of the cell wall that are present in a gram positive bacteria but not in a gram negative bacteria.

Correct Option: C

Vancomycin is the antibiotic resistance marker that cannot be used in a cloning vector in gram negative bacteria. Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin treats only gram positive infections (commonly a skin infection, an example of a Gram positive infection). It has little/no use against a gram negative bacteria because vancomycin acts by binding to parts of the cell wall that are present in a gram positive bacteria but not in a gram negative bacteria.