Natural genetic transformation is believed to be the essential mechanism for the attainment of genetic plasticity in many species of bacteria. During bacterial evolution, the ability of Bacteria and Archaea to adapt to new environments most often results from the acquisition of new genes through horizontal transfer rather than by the alteration of gene functions through numerous point mutations. Horizontal gene transfer is defined to be the movement of genetic material between bacteria other than by descent in which information travels through the generations as the cell divides. It is most often thought of as a sexual process that requires a mechanism for the mobilization of chromosomal DNA among bacterial cells. However, because they are unable to reproduce sexually, bacterial species have acquired several mechanisms by which to exchange genetic materials. It can happen through transformation, conjugation and transduction. In bacteria, it mainly occurs by transformation and conjugation.

Correct Option: B

Natural genetic transformation is believed to be the essential mechanism for the attainment of genetic plasticity in many species of bacteria. During bacterial evolution, the ability of Bacteria and Archaea to adapt to new environments most often results from the acquisition of new genes through horizontal transfer rather than by the alteration of gene functions through numerous point mutations. Horizontal gene transfer is defined to be the movement of genetic material between bacteria other than by descent in which information travels through the generations as the cell divides. It is most often thought of as a sexual process that requires a mechanism for the mobilization of chromosomal DNA among bacterial cells. However, because they are unable to reproduce sexually, bacterial species have acquired several mechanisms by which to exchange genetic materials. It can happen through transformation, conjugation and transduction. In bacteria, it mainly occurs by transformation and conjugation.

Glyphosate kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which catalyzes the reaction of shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (ESP). Bromoxynil is a nitrile herbicide and one of its common degradation products (3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been shown to undergo metabolic reductive dehalogenation by the microorganism. Sulfonylureas is used as Chlorimuron (Classic) for soybeans. Their site of action is Acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme. Dalapon is a synthetic herbicide and plant growth regulator. It is responsible for inhibition of lipid synthesis by acting on dehalogenase enzyme.

Correct Option: A

Glyphosate kills plants by interfering with the synthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. It does this by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which catalyzes the reaction of shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (ESP). Bromoxynil is a nitrile herbicide and one of its common degradation products (3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid) have been shown to undergo metabolic reductive dehalogenation by the microorganism. Sulfonylureas is used as Chlorimuron (Classic) for soybeans. Their site of action is Acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme. Dalapon is a synthetic herbicide and plant growth regulator. It is responsible for inhibition of lipid synthesis by acting on dehalogenase enzyme.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. It infects plants usually through an open wound. Once it enters its plant host, it injects a section of its DNA called the T-DNA which is derived from its Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid into its host. The T-DNA is then integrated into the plant’s genome, and has two effects on the plant host. The T-DNA first directs the plant cells to make auxins and cytokinins, which causes the cells to become irregularly shaped and form a visible tumour called a gall. The T-DNA then directs the plant cell to start making opines (usually nopaline or agropine) which A. tumefaciens use as an energy source.

Correct Option: B

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. It infects plants usually through an open wound. Once it enters its plant host, it injects a section of its DNA called the T-DNA which is derived from its Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid into its host. The T-DNA is then integrated into the plant’s genome, and has two effects on the plant host. The T-DNA first directs the plant cells to make auxins and cytokinins, which causes the cells to become irregularly shaped and form a visible tumour called a gall. The T-DNA then directs the plant cell to start making opines (usually nopaline or agropine) which A. tumefaciens use as an energy source.

The given plasmid sequence is 5000bp long. When it is digested with Hind III, it produces 2 fragments of 1200bp and 3800bp. This means that Hind III cuts the plasmid in two different sites. So Hind III has 2 sites in plasmid. When digested with Bam HI, it produces one fragment of 5000bp. This means Bam HI has only 1 recognition site on the plasmid sequence. Eco RI cuts the fragment in two equal halves of 2500bp each. Hence Eco RI also has 2 sites of recognition on the plasmid.

Correct Option: A

The given plasmid sequence is 5000bp long. When it is digested with Hind III, it produces 2 fragments of 1200bp and 3800bp. This means that Hind III cuts the plasmid in two different sites. So Hind III has 2 sites in plasmid. When digested with Bam HI, it produces one fragment of 5000bp. This means Bam HI has only 1 recognition site on the plasmid sequence. Eco RI cuts the fragment in two equal halves of 2500bp each. Hence Eco RI also has 2 sites of recognition on the plasmid.

​Several types of DNA library resources were sponsored by the DOE before and during the Human Genome Program (HGP).  These included both prokaryotic and eukaryotic vector systems, and clone libraries representing single chromosomes.  Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) became the most broadly used resource for several reasons.  The large size was a good match for capabilities of high throughput sequencing centres. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is an engineered DNA molecule used to clone DNA sequences in bacterial cells (for example, E. coli). BACs are often used in connection with DNA sequencing. Segments of an organism’s DNA, ranging from 100,000 to about 300,000 base pairs, can be inserted into BACs. The BACs, with their inserted DNA, are then taken up by bacterial cells. As the bacterial cells grow and divide, they amplify the BAC DNA, which can then be isolated and used in sequencing DNA.

Correct Option: A

​Several types of DNA library resources were sponsored by the DOE before and during the Human Genome Program (HGP).  These included both prokaryotic and eukaryotic vector systems, and clone libraries representing single chromosomes.  Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) became the most broadly used resource for several reasons.  The large size was a good match for capabilities of high throughput sequencing centres. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is an engineered DNA molecule used to clone DNA sequences in bacterial cells (for example, E. coli). BACs are often used in connection with DNA sequencing. Segments of an organism’s DNA, ranging from 100,000 to about 300,000 base pairs, can be inserted into BACs. The BACs, with their inserted DNA, are then taken up by bacterial cells. As the bacterial cells grow and divide, they amplify the BAC DNA, which can then be isolated and used in sequencing DNA.