Embryonic stem cells possess the capacity to divide for long periods and retain their ability to make all cell types within the organism. These are termed pluripotent stem cells. They are derived from a fertilized embryo. Cells are obtained from an embryo in the blastula phase, when they are still only a few days old. Because they have only begun to differentiate, these cells have the capability of developing into any cell in the human body which makes them potentially important in medicine.

Correct Option: A

Embryonic stem cells possess the capacity to divide for long periods and retain their ability to make all cell types within the organism. These are termed pluripotent stem cells. They are derived from a fertilized embryo. Cells are obtained from an embryo in the blastula phase, when they are still only a few days old. Because they have only begun to differentiate, these cells have the capability of developing into any cell in the human body which makes them potentially important in medicine.

Somatic embryogenesis can be initiated either directly without going through the callus phase from predetermined embryonic cells or indirectly through callus proliferation and differentiation into embryonic cells within the callus tissue

Correct Option: D

Somatic embryogenesis can be initiated either directly without going through the callus phase from predetermined embryonic cells or indirectly through callus proliferation and differentiation into embryonic cells within the callus tissue

The yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is an artificially constructed system that can undergo replication. The design of a YAC allows extremely large segments of genetic materials to be inserted. Subsequent round of replication produce many copies of the inserted sequence, is a genetic procedure known as cloning. The reason the cloning vector is called the YAC has to do with the structure of vector.YACs are shuttle vector that can be amplified in bacteria and employed for the cloning and the manipulation of large DNA inserts (up to 3mb pairs) in the yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Large DNA (>100 Kb) is ligated between two arms.

Correct Option: A

The yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is an artificially constructed system that can undergo replication. The design of a YAC allows extremely large segments of genetic materials to be inserted. Subsequent round of replication produce many copies of the inserted sequence, is a genetic procedure known as cloning. The reason the cloning vector is called the YAC has to do with the structure of vector.YACs are shuttle vector that can be amplified in bacteria and employed for the cloning and the manipulation of large DNA inserts (up to 3mb pairs) in the yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Large DNA (>100 Kb) is ligated between two arms.

Given, weight of single base pair of DNA​​​= 1.1 * 10^–21 grains ​​
Length of plasmid vector= 2750bp ​​
Purified DNA= 1ug ​​
Thus, 0.55 picomoles of a plasmid vector of length 2750bp are contained in 1ug of purified DNA.

Correct Option: B

Given, weight of single base pair of DNA​​​= 1.1 * 10^–21 grains ​​
Length of plasmid vector= 2750bp ​​
Purified DNA= 1ug ​​
Thus, 0.55 picomoles of a plasmid vector of length 2750bp are contained in 1ug of purified DNA.

Fusion of freely isolated protoplasts from different sources with the help of fusion inducing chemical agents is known as induced fusion. It includes use of high pH or Ca⁺⁺ treatment, Use of PEG (Polyethylene glycol) which induces protoplast aggregation and subsequent fusion and the use of inactivated Sendai virus for fusion which occur in four temperature-dependent stages. ​​
Hence Colchicine is not a protoplast fusion inducing agent. Colchicine is used to prevent gout attacks in adults, and to relieve the pain of gout attacks when they occur. Colchicine is also used to treat familial Mediterranean fever (FMF; an inborn condition that causes episodes of fever, pain, and swelling of the stomach area, lungs, and joints) in adults and children 4 years of age and older. ​Fusion of freely isolated protoplasts from different sources with the help of fusion inducing chemical agents is known as induced fusion. It includes use of high pH or Ca⁺⁺ treatment, Use of PEG (Polyethylene glycol) which induces protoplast aggregation and subsequent fusion and the use of inactivated Sendai virus for fusion which occur in four temperature-dependent stages. ​​
Hence Colchicine is not a protoplast fusion inducing agent. Colchicine is used to prevent gout attacks in adults, and to relieve the pain of gout attacks when they occur. Colchicine is also used to treat familial Mediterranean fever (FMF; an inborn condition that causes episodes of fever, pain, and swelling of the stomach area, lungs, and joints) in adults and children 4 years of age and older. ​

Correct Option: D

Fusion of freely isolated protoplasts from different sources with the help of fusion inducing chemical agents is known as induced fusion. It includes use of high pH or Ca⁺⁺ treatment, Use of PEG (Polyethylene glycol) which induces protoplast aggregation and subsequent fusion and the use of inactivated Sendai virus for fusion which occur in four temperature-dependent stages. ​​
Hence Colchicine is not a protoplast fusion inducing agent. Colchicine is used to prevent gout attacks in adults, and to relieve the pain of gout attacks when they occur. Colchicine is also used to treat familial Mediterranean fever (FMF; an inborn condition that causes episodes of fever, pain, and swelling of the stomach area, lungs, and joints) in adults and children 4 years of age and older. ​