⚈ ​DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells.
⚈ ​Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. ​​
⚈ ​VNTRs have become essential to forensic crime investigations, via DNA fingerprinting and the CODIS database. When removed from surrounding DNA by the PCR or RFLP methods, and their size determined by gel electrophoresis or Southern blotting, they produce a pattern of bands unique to each individual. When tested with a group of independent VNTR markers, the likelihood of two unrelated individuals having the same allelic pattern is extremely improbable. ​​
⚈ Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts. It has been successfully used to describe the transcriptome of other diseases and in a wide variety of organisms.

Correct Option: B

⚈ ​DNA footprinting is a method of investigating the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins in vitro. This technique can be used to study protein-DNA interactions both outside and within cells.
⚈ ​Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) when two proteins or polypeptides of interest interact. ​​
⚈ ​VNTRs have become essential to forensic crime investigations, via DNA fingerprinting and the CODIS database. When removed from surrounding DNA by the PCR or RFLP methods, and their size determined by gel electrophoresis or Southern blotting, they produce a pattern of bands unique to each individual. When tested with a group of independent VNTR markers, the likelihood of two unrelated individuals having the same allelic pattern is extremely improbable. ​​
⚈ Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a technique used by molecular biologists to produce a snapshot of the messenger RNA population in a sample of interest in the form of small tags that correspond to fragments of those transcripts. It has been successfully used to describe the transcriptome of other diseases and in a wide variety of organisms.

​In cell biology, pluripotency (from the Latin plurimus, meaning very many, and potens, meaning having power) refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system). Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they cannot develop into a fetal or adult organism because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta. ​

Correct Option: B

​In cell biology, pluripotency (from the Latin plurimus, meaning very many, and potens, meaning having power) refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system). Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they cannot develop into a fetal or adult organism because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta. ​

P>3 : The rolA, rolB and rolC genes are plant oncogenes that are carried in plasmids of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Following agrobacterial infection, these genes are transferred into the plant genome and cause tumor formation and hairy root disease. ​​
Q>1 : Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. The transformed roots start producing opines which serve as carbon or nitrogen source for the infecting bacteria.
R>4 : Genes in the virulence region are grouped into the operons virABCDEFG, which code for the enzymes responsible for mediating transduction of T-DNA to plant cells. ​​
S>2 : Agrobacterium rhizogenes transfers a piece of oncogenic DNA, i.e. T-DNA. The T-DNA contains onc genes, the expression of which is responsible for the tumorous character of the transformed plant cells. Three onc genes are of prime importance: cyt, aux1, aux2. ​

Correct Option: D

P>3 : The rolA, rolB and rolC genes are plant oncogenes that are carried in plasmids of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Following agrobacterial infection, these genes are transferred into the plant genome and cause tumor formation and hairy root disease. ​​
Q>1 : Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. The transformed roots start producing opines which serve as carbon or nitrogen source for the infecting bacteria.
R>4 : Genes in the virulence region are grouped into the operons virABCDEFG, which code for the enzymes responsible for mediating transduction of T-DNA to plant cells. ​​
S>2 : Agrobacterium rhizogenes transfers a piece of oncogenic DNA, i.e. T-DNA. The T-DNA contains onc genes, the expression of which is responsible for the tumorous character of the transformed plant cells. Three onc genes are of prime importance: cyt, aux1, aux2. ​

Statement Q :When glyphosphate expressed in chloroplasts of transgenic plants, the insensitive enzymes produced by confer tolerance to the herbicide glyphosphate. ​​
Statement S : Glyphosphate acts by inhibiting enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme in the pathway leading to biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. Since transgenic plants exhibit resistance to glyphosphate, there is no inhibition of the synthesis of aromatic amino acids.

Correct Option: C

Statement Q :When glyphosphate expressed in chloroplasts of transgenic plants, the insensitive enzymes produced by confer tolerance to the herbicide glyphosphate. ​​
Statement S : Glyphosphate acts by inhibiting enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme in the pathway leading to biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. Since transgenic plants exhibit resistance to glyphosphate, there is no inhibition of the synthesis of aromatic amino acids.

Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor : The explanation for this is called co-suppression. The plant has ways of knowing that the viral coat protein should not be produced, and it has ways of eventually shutting down the protein’s expression. When the virus tries to infect the plant, the production of its essential coat protein is already blocked.

Correct Option: C

Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor : The explanation for this is called co-suppression. The plant has ways of knowing that the viral coat protein should not be produced, and it has ways of eventually shutting down the protein’s expression. When the virus tries to infect the plant, the production of its essential coat protein is already blocked.