​Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines (called hybridomas) by fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell that is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody chain synthesis. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma are all of a single specificity and are therefore monoclonal antibodies Fused cells are incubated in HAT medium (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium) for roughly 10 to 14 days. Aminopterin blocks the pathway that allows for nucleotide synthesis. Hence, unfused myeloma cells die, as they cannot produce nucleotides by the de novo or salvage pathways because they lack HGPRT. Removal of the unfused myeloma cells is necessary because they have the potential to outgrow other cells, especially weakly established hybridomas. Unfused B cells die as they have a short life span. In this way, only the B cell-myeloma hybrids survive, since the HGPRT gene coming from the B cells is functional. ​

Correct Option: C

​Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines (called hybridomas) by fusing a specific antibody-producing B cell with a myeloma (B cell cancer) cell that is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody chain synthesis. The antibodies produced by the hybridoma are all of a single specificity and are therefore monoclonal antibodies Fused cells are incubated in HAT medium (hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium) for roughly 10 to 14 days. Aminopterin blocks the pathway that allows for nucleotide synthesis. Hence, unfused myeloma cells die, as they cannot produce nucleotides by the de novo or salvage pathways because they lack HGPRT. Removal of the unfused myeloma cells is necessary because they have the potential to outgrow other cells, especially weakly established hybridomas. Unfused B cells die as they have a short life span. In this way, only the B cell-myeloma hybrids survive, since the HGPRT gene coming from the B cells is functional. ​

Let N₀ be the initial number of molecules present in the aliquot and let N be the end product of PCR amplification. Let n be the number of cycles performed by the PCR.
We, know N = N₀ × 2ⁿ for n number of cycles since in each cycle the number of amplicons double the number of parent strands in an exponential manner. ​​
Here, N₀ = 100 for a 200 μL solution (given), ​​​​n ​= 10 ​​
Therefore, ​N​ = 100 × 2¹⁰
= 100 × 1024 ​​​​​= 1.024 × 10⁵ ​​
Hence, the required amplicons generated after 10 cycles of PCR run = 1.024 × 10⁵

Correct Option: B

Let N₀ be the initial number of molecules present in the aliquot and let N be the end product of PCR amplification. Let n be the number of cycles performed by the PCR.
We, know N = N₀ × 2ⁿ for n number of cycles since in each cycle the number of amplicons double the number of parent strands in an exponential manner. ​​
Here, N₀ = 100 for a 200 μL solution (given), ​​​​n ​= 10 ​​
Therefore, ​N​ = 100 × 2¹⁰
= 100 × 1024 ​​​​​= 1.024 × 10⁵ ​​
Hence, the required amplicons generated after 10 cycles of PCR run = 1.024 × 10⁵

Vancomycin is the antibiotic resistance marker that cannot be used in a cloning vector in gram negative bacteria. Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin treats only gram positive infections (commonly a skin infection, an example of a Gram positive infection). It has little/no use against a gram negative bacteria because vancomycin acts by binding to parts of the cell wall that are present in a gram positive bacteria but not in a gram negative bacteria.

Correct Option: C

Vancomycin is the antibiotic resistance marker that cannot be used in a cloning vector in gram negative bacteria. Vancomycin acts by inhibiting proper cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin treats only gram positive infections (commonly a skin infection, an example of a Gram positive infection). It has little/no use against a gram negative bacteria because vancomycin acts by binding to parts of the cell wall that are present in a gram positive bacteria but not in a gram negative bacteria.

​In somatic cell gene transfer, the therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cell or body, of a patient. It involves using a vector such as a virus to deliver therapeutic gene to the appropriate target cells. This technique is currently the basis for cloning animals (creating transgenic animals) and is used in vitro. ​

Correct Option: B

​In somatic cell gene transfer, the therapeutic genes are transferred into the somatic cell or body, of a patient. It involves using a vector such as a virus to deliver therapeutic gene to the appropriate target cells. This technique is currently the basis for cloning animals (creating transgenic animals) and is used in vitro. ​

TDT do not require a template as it adds N-nucleotides to the variable exons during antibody gene recombination. It functions by catalysing the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ terminus using 3’ – overhang as the substrate. Also it can act independently on blunt or recessed 3’ ends. It is expressed in immature, pre- B , pre –T lymphoid cells and uses cobalt as cofactor, also Mg/Mn ²⁺ presence in-vitro. It is used in adding nucleotides labelled with radioactive isotopes in TUNEL assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling). ​

Correct Option: C

TDT do not require a template as it adds N-nucleotides to the variable exons during antibody gene recombination. It functions by catalysing the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ terminus using 3’ – overhang as the substrate. Also it can act independently on blunt or recessed 3’ ends. It is expressed in immature, pre- B , pre –T lymphoid cells and uses cobalt as cofactor, also Mg/Mn ²⁺ presence in-vitro. It is used in adding nucleotides labelled with radioactive isotopes in TUNEL assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling). ​