Signal and systems miscellaneous


Signal and systems miscellaneous

Signals and Systems

  1. The Fourier transform of a double-sided exponential signal x(t) = e– b|t|









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    Fourier transform of signal x(t) is given as
    x(jω) = ∫– ∞ x(t) e– jωt dt
    or x(jω) = ∫– ∞ e– b|t| .e– jωt dt
    x(jω) = ∫0– ∞ ebt.e– jωt dt + ∫0 ebt.e– jωt dt

    or x(jω) =
    e(b – jω)t
    0+
    e– (b + jω)t
    b – jω– ∞– (b + jω)0

    or x(jω) =
    1
    +
    1
    b – jωjω + b

    or x(jω) =
    2b
    b2 + ω2

    Hence, alternative (A) is the correct choice.

    Correct Option: A

    Fourier transform of signal x(t) is given as
    x(jω) = ∫– ∞ x(t) e– jωt dt
    or x(jω) = ∫– ∞ e– b|t| .e– jωt dt
    x(jω) = ∫0– ∞ ebt.e– jωt dt + ∫0 ebt.e– jωt dt

    or x(jω) =
    e(b – jω)t
    0+
    e– (b + jω)t
    b – jω– ∞– (b + jω)0

    or x(jω) =
    1
    +
    1
    b – jωjω + b

    or x(jω) =
    2b
    b2 + ω2

    Hence, alternative (A) is the correct choice.


  1. The stationary process has—









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    Stationary processes are those for which ensemble average is independent to time average i.e.,
    E[x(t1)] = E[x(t2)] = …… = E[x(t)]
    Hence, alternative (D) is the correct choice.

    Correct Option: D

    Stationary processes are those for which ensemble average is independent to time average i.e.,
    E[x(t1)] = E[x(t2)] = …… = E[x(t)]
    Hence, alternative (D) is the correct choice.



  1. The discrete time system described by y(n) = x(n2) is—









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    Given discrete time system
    y(n) = x(n2)
    The order to solve such type of problems, check causality, linearity and time invariant one by one The given system
    ● y(n) = x(n2) is non-causal
    Because for any negative value of n the output goes to future. For example:
    y(– 2) = x(– 2)2 = x(4)
    i.e., non-causal system
    ● y(n) = x(n2)
    To check linearity let a1 and a2 are the weights added to the input and H[x(n2)] = y (n) is the response of a discrete-time system.
    Since, H[a1x1(n2) + a2x2(n2)]
    = a1H[x1(n2)] + a2H[x2(n2)]
    Hence, the given system is linear.
    ● For a system to be time invariant time delay of the input signal leads to an identical time shifts in the input signal.
    Let y1(n) = x1(n2)
    Consider input obtained by shifting x1(n) by time, n0
    i.e., x1(n) = x1(n – n0)2
    or y2(n) = x2(n2) = x1(n – n0)2 …(A)
    Similarly, when output changes by same amount n0.
    y1(n – n0) = x1(n – n0)2 …(B)
    From equations (A) and (B)
    y1(n – n0) = y2(n)
    Therefore, this system is time invariant.
    Hence, alternative (C) is the correct answer.

    Correct Option: C

    Given discrete time system
    y(n) = x(n2)
    The order to solve such type of problems, check causality, linearity and time invariant one by one The given system
    ● y(n) = x(n2) is non-causal
    Because for any negative value of n the output goes to future. For example:
    y(– 2) = x(– 2)2 = x(4)
    i.e., non-causal system
    ● y(n) = x(n2)
    To check linearity let a1 and a2 are the weights added to the input and H[x(n2)] = y (n) is the response of a discrete-time system.
    Since, H[a1x1(n2) + a2x2(n2)]
    = a1H[x1(n2)] + a2H[x2(n2)]
    Hence, the given system is linear.
    ● For a system to be time invariant time delay of the input signal leads to an identical time shifts in the input signal.
    Let y1(n) = x1(n2)
    Consider input obtained by shifting x1(n) by time, n0
    i.e., x1(n) = x1(n – n0)2
    or y2(n) = x2(n2) = x1(n – n0)2 …(A)
    Similarly, when output changes by same amount n0.
    y1(n – n0) = x1(n – n0)2 …(B)
    From equations (A) and (B)
    y1(n – n0) = y2(n)
    Therefore, this system is time invariant.
    Hence, alternative (C) is the correct answer.


  1. For signal x(n) = 6 cos
    2πn
    the signal power is—
    4









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    Given that, x(n) = 6 cos
    2πn
    4

    Here, N =
    · m =
    · 1 = 4
    Ω
    4

    at n = 0
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 0= 6
    4

    at n = 1
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 1= 6 x 0 = 0
    4

    at n = 2
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 2= - 6
    4

    at n = 3
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 3= 6 x 0 = 0
    4

    As we know that power of discrete time periodic signal is given by the relation
    N - 1
    P = 1/N|x(n)|2
    n = 0

    3
    = 1/4|x(n)|2
    n = 0

    =
    1
    [x(0)|2 + |x(1)|2 + |x(2)|2 + |x(3)|2 ]
    4

    =
    1
    [(6)2 + (0)2 + (– 6)2 + (0)2 ]
    4

    =
    1
    [36 + 0 + 36 + 0]
    4

    = 72 4 = 18 watts.
    Hence, alternative (B) is the correct choice.

    Correct Option: B

    Given that, x(n) = 6 cos
    2πn
    4

    Here, N =
    · m =
    · 1 = 4
    Ω
    4

    at n = 0
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 0= 6
    4

    at n = 1
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 1= 6 x 0 = 0
    4

    at n = 2
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 2= - 6
    4

    at n = 3
    ⇒ x(0) = 6 cos
    · 3= 6 x 0 = 0
    4

    As we know that power of discrete time periodic signal is given by the relation
    N - 1
    P = 1/N|x(n)|2
    n = 0

    3
    = 1/4|x(n)|2
    n = 0

    =
    1
    [x(0)|2 + |x(1)|2 + |x(2)|2 + |x(3)|2 ]
    4

    =
    1
    [(6)2 + (0)2 + (– 6)2 + (0)2 ]
    4

    =
    1
    [36 + 0 + 36 + 0]
    4

    = 72 4 = 18 watts.
    Hence, alternative (B) is the correct choice.



  1. The signal x(t) = A cos (ω0t + φ)









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    Since, the given signal
    x(t) = A cos (ω0t + φ) is periodic signal.
    Hence, the given signal is power signal.

    Correct Option: B

    Since, the given signal
    x(t) = A cos (ω0t + φ) is periodic signal.
    Hence, the given signal is power signal.