Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery Miscellaneous
- Two pipes of uniform section but different diameters carry water at the same flow rate. Water properties are the same in the two pipes. The Reynolds number, based on the pipe diameter
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Reynolds number, Re = Vd υ Discharge, Q = AV = π d2V 4 From above, = 4Q πd2 ∴ Reynolds No. = 4Q × d πd2 2 Reynolds No. = 4Q ....(1) πd From (1), Re ∝ 1 2
Reynolds number is large in the Narrow pipe.Correct Option: B
Reynolds number, Re = Vd υ Discharge, Q = AV = π d2V 4 From above, = 4Q πd2 ∴ Reynolds No. = 4Q × d πd2 2 Reynolds No. = 4Q ....(1) πd From (1), Re ∝ 1 2
Reynolds number is large in the Narrow pipe.
Direction: Consider a linear programming problem with two variable and two constraints. The objective function is maximize x1 + x2. The corner points of the feasible region are (0, 0), (0,2) (2, 0) and (4/3, 4/3)
- Oil is being pumped through a straight pipe, the pipe length, diameter and volumetric flow rate are all doubled in a new arrangement. The pipe friction factor, however, remains constant. The ratio of pipe frictional losses in the new arrangement to that in the original configuration would be
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For original configuration
l1 = l
d1 = d
Q1 = Q
For new configuration
l2 = 21
d2 = 2d
Q2 = 2Q
Head loss due to friction,hf = flV² 2gb
where f = friction factor
l = Length of pipe
v = Average velocity
d = Diameter pipeDischarge: Q = AV = π a²V 4 or V = 4Q πa² hf = fl × 4Q ² = 8flQ² 2gd πa² πga5
For new Pipe,hf2 = 8fl1Q2² = 8f × 2f × 4Q² = 2fQ² πgda5 π × 25 × a5 πga5 h1 = 2flQ² × πga5 = 1 h2² πga5 2flQ² 4 Correct Option: A
For original configuration
l1 = l
d1 = d
Q1 = Q
For new configuration
l2 = 21
d2 = 2d
Q2 = 2Q
Head loss due to friction,hf = flV² 2gb
where f = friction factor
l = Length of pipe
v = Average velocity
d = Diameter pipeDischarge: Q = AV = π a²V 4 or V = 4Q πa² hf = fl × 4Q ² = 8flQ² 2gd πa² πga5
For new Pipe,hf2 = 8fl1Q2² = 8f × 2f × 4Q² = 2fQ² πgda5 π × 25 × a5 πga5 h1 = 2flQ² × πga5 = 1 h2² πga5 2flQ² 4
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The ratio PA − PB . (1/2)ρu0²
(where pA and pB are the pressures at section A and B, respectively, and ρ is the density of the fluid), is
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Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections A and B, we get
PA + u0² + ZA = PA + Vm² + ZB ρg 2g ρg 2g PA + u0² = PB + Vm² ρg 2g ρg 2g or PA + PB = Vm² + u0² Pg ρg 2g 2g
Now, the ratioPA − PB/(1/2)ρ0² = ρVm² − ρu0² 2 2 1 ρu0² 2 = Vm² − u0² = Vm ² − 1 u0² u0 Substituting the Value of Vm = 1 u0 1 − (δ/H)
we getPA − PB = 1 − 1 (1/2)ρ0² [1 − (δ/H)]² Correct Option: B
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections A and B, we get
PA + u0² + ZA = PA + Vm² + ZB ρg 2g ρg 2g PA + u0² = PB + Vm² ρg 2g ρg 2g or PA + PB = Vm² + u0² Pg ρg 2g 2g
Now, the ratioPA − PB/(1/2)ρ0² = ρVm² − ρu0² 2 2 1 ρu0² 2 = Vm² − u0² = Vm ² − 1 u0² u0 Substituting the Value of Vm = 1 u0 1 − (δ/H)
we getPA − PB = 1 − 1 (1/2)ρ0² [1 − (δ/H)]²
Direction: Consider a steady incompressible flow through a channel as shown below:
The velocity profile is uniform with a value of u0 at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at section B downstream is
- The ratio Vm/u0 is
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Applying continuity equation at sections A and B, mass flow rate at inlet section A = mass rate at section B.
∴ u = VmY δ u0H = Vm(H − 2δ) + 2 Vm Y² δ δ 2 0 u0H = Vm(H − 2δ) + 2 Vm × δ² δ 2
u0H = Vm(H − 2δ) + Vmδ
u0H = VmH − 2Vmδ + Vmδ
u0H = VmH − Vmδ
u0H = Vm(H − δ)or Vm = H = 1 u0 H − δ 1 − (δ/H) Correct Option: C
Applying continuity equation at sections A and B, mass flow rate at inlet section A = mass rate at section B.
∴ u = VmY δ u0H = Vm(H − 2δ) + 2 Vm Y² δ δ 2 0 u0H = Vm(H − 2δ) + 2 Vm × δ² δ 2
u0H = Vm(H − 2δ) + Vmδ
u0H = VmH − 2Vmδ + Vmδ
u0H = VmH − Vmδ
u0H = Vm(H − δ)or Vm = H = 1 u0 H − δ 1 − (δ/H)
- Consider steady laminar incompressible axisymmetric fully developed viscous flow through a straight circular pipe of constant crosssectional area at a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of inertia force to viscous force on a fluid particle is
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Reynold’s number = Inertia force = 5 Viscous force Correct Option: A
Reynold’s number = Inertia force = 5 Viscous force