Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darién in present-day Panama in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas

Correct Option: D

Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darién in present-day Panama in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was founded in 1934 as a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Mohandas Gandhi as well as the sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of India towards the Congress Party. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Jai Prakash Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha) as well as those who insisted upon ahimsa or nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva).

Correct Option: B

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was founded in 1934 as a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. Its members rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Mohandas Gandhi as well as the sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of India towards the Congress Party. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Jai Prakash Narayan and Basawon Singh (Sinha) as well as those who insisted upon ahimsa or nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva).

Early in 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the War Cabinet of Winston Churchill, was sent to make a definite offer to India on behalf of the British Government. The proposals gave a severe blow to Indian unity as the provinces could not opt to join the federation and this tantamounted to the acceptance of Pakistan in principle. Secondly, it was felt that the interests of the people of the Indian states were ignored as the Indian States would be represented by the representatives nominated by their rulers. No limit was set for the actual grant of Dominion Status. Since the very foundation of the British Empire seemed to be uncertain at that moment of World War, the longterm offer of Dominion Status was, as Gandhiji remarked, a ‘post-dated cheque on a failing bank.’

Correct Option: B

Early in 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps, a member of the War Cabinet of Winston Churchill, was sent to make a definite offer to India on behalf of the British Government. The proposals gave a severe blow to Indian unity as the provinces could not opt to join the federation and this tantamounted to the acceptance of Pakistan in principle. Secondly, it was felt that the interests of the people of the Indian states were ignored as the Indian States would be represented by the representatives nominated by their rulers. No limit was set for the actual grant of Dominion Status. Since the very foundation of the British Empire seemed to be uncertain at that moment of World War, the longterm offer of Dominion Status was, as Gandhiji remarked, a ‘post-dated cheque on a failing bank.’

The Namdhari or Kuka movement had its origin in the north-west corner of the Sikh kingdom. The main difference between Namdhari Sikhs and mainstream Sikhs is their belief in Jagjit Singh as their living Guru (as opposed to the Guru Granth Sahib, the present Guru of Sikhs). Other differences include being: strict vegetarians; placing equal importance between the Guru Granth Sahib and the Dasam Granth, the holy book written by the 10th Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Ram Singh Kuka was the founder of the Kuka movement. He was strongly opposed to the British rule and started an intense non-cooperation movement against them. Led by him, the people boycotted English education, mill made cloths and other imported goods.

Correct Option: A

The Namdhari or Kuka movement had its origin in the north-west corner of the Sikh kingdom. The main difference between Namdhari Sikhs and mainstream Sikhs is their belief in Jagjit Singh as their living Guru (as opposed to the Guru Granth Sahib, the present Guru of Sikhs). Other differences include being: strict vegetarians; placing equal importance between the Guru Granth Sahib and the Dasam Granth, the holy book written by the 10th Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Ram Singh Kuka was the founder of the Kuka movement. He was strongly opposed to the British rule and started an intense non-cooperation movement against them. Led by him, the people boycotted English education, mill made cloths and other imported goods.

All India Women’s Conference was founded in 1927 “as an organization dedicated to upliftment and betterment of women and children”. AIWC was registered in 1930 under the Societies Registration Act, XXI of 1860. Its founder members were Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad; Rani Sahiba of Sangli; Sarojini Naidu; Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya; Lady Dorab Tata, etc. It first met at the Ferguson College, Pune on January 3, 1927. Some of the legislative reforms initiated by the AIWC include: Sharda Act (1929); Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act (1937); Factory Act (1947); Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act (1954); Special Marriage Act (1954); Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (1956); Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (1956); The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women Act (1958); Maternity Benefits Act (1961); Dowry Prohibition Act (1961); Equal Remuneration Act (1958, 1976), etc.

Correct Option: D

All India Women’s Conference was founded in 1927 “as an organization dedicated to upliftment and betterment of women and children”. AIWC was registered in 1930 under the Societies Registration Act, XXI of 1860. Its founder members were Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad; Rani Sahiba of Sangli; Sarojini Naidu; Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya; Lady Dorab Tata, etc. It first met at the Ferguson College, Pune on January 3, 1927. Some of the legislative reforms initiated by the AIWC include: Sharda Act (1929); Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act (1937); Factory Act (1947); Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act (1954); Special Marriage Act (1954); Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (1956); Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (1956); The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women Act (1958); Maternity Benefits Act (1961); Dowry Prohibition Act (1961); Equal Remuneration Act (1958, 1976), etc.