When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi started to practice law in South Africa as a young barrister in the 1890s, he was confronted with glaring racial discrimination as well as various other injustices. It was then that he began to develop his satyagraha philosophy of nonviolence, through which he would later lead India to independence. Perhaps the most profound influence on Gandhi at this time were the ideas and living example of the Russian author Leo Tolstoy who, in the last year of his life, became Gandhi’s mentor on nonviolence. By directly influencing Mahatma Gandhi with this idea through his work The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Tolstoy has had a huge influence on the nonviolent resistance movement to this day.

Correct Option: D

When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi started to practice law in South Africa as a young barrister in the 1890s, he was confronted with glaring racial discrimination as well as various other injustices. It was then that he began to develop his satyagraha philosophy of nonviolence, through which he would later lead India to independence. Perhaps the most profound influence on Gandhi at this time were the ideas and living example of the Russian author Leo Tolstoy who, in the last year of his life, became Gandhi’s mentor on nonviolence. By directly influencing Mahatma Gandhi with this idea through his work The Kingdom of God Is Within You, Tolstoy has had a huge influence on the nonviolent resistance movement to this day.

Lord Ripon is known as the father of local selfgovernment in India. The advent of Lord Ripon (1880 84) marked a new chapter in the history of local selfgovernment in India. Before him, the condition of the local bodies was far from satisfactory. There was hardly any trace of election, much less of independent authority, and no specific powers were granted to local authorities. Lord Ripon, in 1882 issued a comprehensive resolution, recommending the removal of all the existing defects in the local bodies and also making them the instruments of political education.

Correct Option: B

Lord Ripon is known as the father of local selfgovernment in India. The advent of Lord Ripon (1880 84) marked a new chapter in the history of local selfgovernment in India. Before him, the condition of the local bodies was far from satisfactory. There was hardly any trace of election, much less of independent authority, and no specific powers were granted to local authorities. Lord Ripon, in 1882 issued a comprehensive resolution, recommending the removal of all the existing defects in the local bodies and also making them the instruments of political education.

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either “manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir”.

Correct Option: B

The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either “manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir”.

Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which the British Indian Empire was divided along religious lines into two new states—the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Bangladesh); the partition was accompanied by violent communal riots. The Dominion of India, also known as the Union of India, was a predecessor to modern-day India and an independent state that existed between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. Although it was transformed into the Republic of India by promulgation of the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the term “Union of India” (or simply “the Union”) is still used by the Indian judicial system.

Correct Option: B

Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which the British Indian Empire was divided along religious lines into two new states—the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Bangladesh); the partition was accompanied by violent communal riots. The Dominion of India, also known as the Union of India, was a predecessor to modern-day India and an independent state that existed between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. Although it was transformed into the Republic of India by promulgation of the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the term “Union of India” (or simply “the Union”) is still used by the Indian judicial system.

In post-colonial India, Ram Rajya as a concept was first mooted by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji announced that Ram Rajya would be brought once Independence arrived. When he was asked about the ideal state, he talked about Ram Rajya. By using the Ram Rajya slogan, Gandhiji implied an ideal Rajya where values of justice, equality, idealism, renunciation and sacrifice were practised. On the subject of Ram Rajya, Gandhi wrote on February 26, 1947, “Let no one commit the mistake of thinking that Ram Rajya means a rule of Hindus. My Ram is another name for Khuda or God. I want Khuda Raj which is the same thing as the Kingdom of God on Earth.” Obviously this meant an ideal society where everybody follows a code of righteous living, lives content and happy and meet their essential needs. Ram Rajya according to many scholars meant that the state (Rajya) was the sole legitimate power, which imposes limits upon its exercise of power, either for the greater happiness of the people, or to evade a greater tyranny that could be caused by moral outrage or self-righteousness.

Correct Option: C

In post-colonial India, Ram Rajya as a concept was first mooted by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji announced that Ram Rajya would be brought once Independence arrived. When he was asked about the ideal state, he talked about Ram Rajya. By using the Ram Rajya slogan, Gandhiji implied an ideal Rajya where values of justice, equality, idealism, renunciation and sacrifice were practised. On the subject of Ram Rajya, Gandhi wrote on February 26, 1947, “Let no one commit the mistake of thinking that Ram Rajya means a rule of Hindus. My Ram is another name for Khuda or God. I want Khuda Raj which is the same thing as the Kingdom of God on Earth.” Obviously this meant an ideal society where everybody follows a code of righteous living, lives content and happy and meet their essential needs. Ram Rajya according to many scholars meant that the state (Rajya) was the sole legitimate power, which imposes limits upon its exercise of power, either for the greater happiness of the people, or to evade a greater tyranny that could be caused by moral outrage or self-righteousness.