In economics, a transfer payment (or government transfer or simply transfer) is a redistribution of income in the market system. These payments are considered to be exhaustive because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. In other words, the transfer is made without any exchange of goods or services. Examples of certain transfer payments include welfare (financial aid), interest on public debt, social security, and government making subsidies for certain businesses (firms).

Correct Option: B

In economics, a transfer payment (or government transfer or simply transfer) is a redistribution of income in the market system. These payments are considered to be exhaustive because they do not directly absorb resources or create output. In other words, the transfer is made without any exchange of goods or services. Examples of certain transfer payments include welfare (financial aid), interest on public debt, social security, and government making subsidies for certain businesses (firms).

Expenditure tax is a taxation plan that replaces the income tax (a direct tax). Instead of applying a tax based on the income earned, tax is allocated based on the rate of spending. This is different from a sales tax, which is applied at the time the goods or services are provided and is considered a consumption tax. The major benefit for this type of tax scheme is the removal of double taxation.

Correct Option: D

Expenditure tax is a taxation plan that replaces the income tax (a direct tax). Instead of applying a tax based on the income earned, tax is allocated based on the rate of spending. This is different from a sales tax, which is applied at the time the goods or services are provided and is considered a consumption tax. The major benefit for this type of tax scheme is the removal of double taxation.

The term indirect tax has more than one meaning. In the colloquial sense, an indirect tax (such as sales tax, a specific tax, value added tax (VAT), or goods and services tax (GST)) is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (such as the consumer). The intermediary later files a tax return and forwards the tax proceeds to government with the return. In this sense, the term indirect tax is contrasted with a direct tax which is collected directly by government from the persons (legal or natural) on which it is imposed.

Correct Option: A

The term indirect tax has more than one meaning. In the colloquial sense, an indirect tax (such as sales tax, a specific tax, value added tax (VAT), or goods and services tax (GST)) is a tax collected by an intermediary (such as a retail store) from the person who bears the ultimate economic burden of the tax (such as the consumer). The intermediary later files a tax return and forwards the tax proceeds to government with the return. In this sense, the term indirect tax is contrasted with a direct tax which is collected directly by government from the persons (legal or natural) on which it is imposed.

Instruments (certificates) issued by the ultimate borrower are called primary securities. Instruments issued by intermediaries on behalf of the ultimate borrower are called indirect securities. The market for instruments (also called securities) issued for the first time, is called the primary market. Primary security is the asset created out of the credit facility extended to the borrower and / or which are directly associated with the business / project of the borrower for which the credit facility has been extended.

Correct Option: A

Instruments (certificates) issued by the ultimate borrower are called primary securities. Instruments issued by intermediaries on behalf of the ultimate borrower are called indirect securities. The market for instruments (also called securities) issued for the first time, is called the primary market. Primary security is the asset created out of the credit facility extended to the borrower and / or which are directly associated with the business / project of the borrower for which the credit facility has been extended.

It shows inequality in income distribution. Inequality indices can also be derived directly from the Lorenz curve. Perhaps the most commonly-used inequality index is the Gini coefficient, which ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). It is the ratio of the area enclosed by the Lorenz curve and the perfect equality line to the total area below that line.

Correct Option: C

It shows inequality in income distribution. Inequality indices can also be derived directly from the Lorenz curve. Perhaps the most commonly-used inequality index is the Gini coefficient, which ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality). It is the ratio of the area enclosed by the Lorenz curve and the perfect equality line to the total area below that line.