DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases in a chemical reaction can be separated by gel electrophoresis. Since DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules they can be separated by forcing them to move towards the anode under an electric field through a medium/matrix. The DNA fragments separate according to their size through sieving effect provided by matrix.

Correct Option: B

DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases in a chemical reaction can be separated by gel electrophoresis. Since DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules they can be separated by forcing them to move towards the anode under an electric field through a medium/matrix. The DNA fragments separate according to their size through sieving effect provided by matrix.

Besides nuclear DNA, bacteria possesses extranuclear DNA (outside the nucleoid region) called as plasmid which can replicate independently. Due to this property plasmid holds great importance in genetic engineering. Plasmid can be taken out of bacteria and made to combine with desired DNA segment. A plasmid carrying DNA of other organism known as cosmid, can be introduced into any desired cell. This is the basis of genetic engineering.

Correct Option: A

Besides nuclear DNA, bacteria possesses extranuclear DNA (outside the nucleoid region) called as plasmid which can replicate independently. Due to this property plasmid holds great importance in genetic engineering. Plasmid can be taken out of bacteria and made to combine with desired DNA segment. A plasmid carrying DNA of other organism known as cosmid, can be introduced into any desired cell. This is the basis of genetic engineering.

Now a days PCR and RAPD technique are used for the characterisation of in vitro clonal propagation in plants.

Correct Option: A

Now a days PCR and RAPD technique are used for the characterisation of in vitro clonal propagation in plants.

The various stages of processing that occur after the completion of fermentation or biosynthetic stage which include separation and purification of product called downstream processing.

Correct Option: A

The various stages of processing that occur after the completion of fermentation or biosynthetic stage which include separation and purification of product called downstream processing.

Plasmids are the extrachromosomal DNA.

Correct Option: A

Plasmids are the extrachromosomal DNA.