Herceptin is approved for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer that is Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2-positive (HER2+) and has spread into the lymph nodes, or is HER2+ and has not spread into the lymph nodes. If it has not spread into the lymph nodes, the cancer needs to be estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-negative or have one high risk feature. Herceptin has two approved uses in metastatic breast cancer: i) Herceptin in combination with the chemotherapy drug Taxol (paclitaxel) is approved for the first line treatment of Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer and ii) Herceptin alone is approved for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer in patients who have received one or more chemotherapy courses for metastatic disease.

Correct Option: D

Herceptin is approved for the treatment of early-stage breast cancer that is Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2-positive (HER2+) and has spread into the lymph nodes, or is HER2+ and has not spread into the lymph nodes. If it has not spread into the lymph nodes, the cancer needs to be estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR)-negative or have one high risk feature. Herceptin has two approved uses in metastatic breast cancer: i) Herceptin in combination with the chemotherapy drug Taxol (paclitaxel) is approved for the first line treatment of Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer and ii) Herceptin alone is approved for the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer in patients who have received one or more chemotherapy courses for metastatic disease.

Sulfonamides were the first drugs acting selectively on bacteria which could be used systemically. Today they are infrequently used, in part due to widespread resistance. The target of sulfonamides, and the basis for their selectivity, is the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) in the folic acid pathway. Quinolones are molecules structurally derived from the heterocyclic aromatic compound quinoline, the name of which originated from the oily substance obtained after the alkaline distillation of quinine. They have antimicrobial activity because of their action against the topoisomerase enzyme. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. By binding to the 50s subunit of the bacterial 70s rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequent structure and function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. They prevent peptidoglycan synthesis. Cephalosporins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity. The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by transpeptidases known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs bind to the D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides (peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink the peptidoglycan. Beta-lactam antibiotics mimic the D-Ala-D-Ala site, thereby competitively inhibiting PBP crosslinking of peptidoglycan.

Correct Option: D

Sulfonamides were the first drugs acting selectively on bacteria which could be used systemically. Today they are infrequently used, in part due to widespread resistance. The target of sulfonamides, and the basis for their selectivity, is the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) in the folic acid pathway. Quinolones are molecules structurally derived from the heterocyclic aromatic compound quinoline, the name of which originated from the oily substance obtained after the alkaline distillation of quinine. They have antimicrobial activity because of their action against the topoisomerase enzyme. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. By binding to the 50s subunit of the bacterial 70s rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequent structure and function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. They prevent peptidoglycan synthesis. Cephalosporins are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth. Cephalosporins disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity. The final transpeptidation step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by transpeptidases known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs bind to the D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides (peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink the peptidoglycan. Beta-lactam antibiotics mimic the D-Ala-D-Ala site, thereby competitively inhibiting PBP crosslinking of peptidoglycan.

The nine multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) represent the major part of the 12 members of the MRP/CFTR subfamily belonging to the 48 human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Cloning, functional characterization, and cellular localization of most MRP subfamily members have identified them as ATP-dependent efflux pumps with broad substrate specificity for the transport of endogenous and xenobiotic anionic substances localized in cellular plasma membranes. Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) is a broad specificity, primary active transporter of organic anion conjugates that confers a multidrug resistance phenotype when transfected into drug-sensitive cells. The protein was the first example of a subgroup of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily whose members have three membrane-spanning domains (MSDs) and two nucleotide binding domains.

Correct Option: A

The nine multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) represent the major part of the 12 members of the MRP/CFTR subfamily belonging to the 48 human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Cloning, functional characterization, and cellular localization of most MRP subfamily members have identified them as ATP-dependent efflux pumps with broad substrate specificity for the transport of endogenous and xenobiotic anionic substances localized in cellular plasma membranes. Multidrug resistance protein (MRP) is a broad specificity, primary active transporter of organic anion conjugates that confers a multidrug resistance phenotype when transfected into drug-sensitive cells. The protein was the first example of a subgroup of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily whose members have three membrane-spanning domains (MSDs) and two nucleotide binding domains.

T cell recognition of antigen requires that a complex form between peptides derived from the protein antigen and cell surface glycoproteins encoded by genes within the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC). MHC class II molecules present both extracellular (exogenous) and internally synthesized (endogenous) antigens to the CD4 T cells subset of lymphocytes. Endogenous antigens are internally generated molecules that become presented on the cell surface in the complex with class I histocompatibilty molecules (MHC I). Endogenous antigens may result from exogenous viral or bacterial infections that have altered the host cell. In autoimmune disorders, endogenous, self-molecules induce autoimmune attack by CD8+ Tc/CTLs that have escaped negative selection in the thymus.

Correct Option: B

T cell recognition of antigen requires that a complex form between peptides derived from the protein antigen and cell surface glycoproteins encoded by genes within the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC). MHC class II molecules present both extracellular (exogenous) and internally synthesized (endogenous) antigens to the CD4 T cells subset of lymphocytes. Endogenous antigens are internally generated molecules that become presented on the cell surface in the complex with class I histocompatibilty molecules (MHC I). Endogenous antigens may result from exogenous viral or bacterial infections that have altered the host cell. In autoimmune disorders, endogenous, self-molecules induce autoimmune attack by CD8+ Tc/CTLs that have escaped negative selection in the thymus.

Immunoglobulin idiotypes are serologically defined determinants associated with the variable (V) region of antibody molecules

Correct Option: C

Immunoglobulin idiotypes are serologically defined determinants associated with the variable (V) region of antibody molecules