Direction: Despite promises of aid, the actual record of international aid to post-war reconstruction is deficient. Once the war ends, agencies involved in post-war relief efforts fail to understand how to start or restart economic development in a low income setting. They squander time, surplus aid funds and opportunities because they are not familiar with local conditions and don't understand their needs and viewpoints. There are distinct phases of outside help to end a conflict. In the first phase, focus is one providing instant food, water, shelter, medicine to refugees, this is the humanitarian. In the second phase emphasis is on the refugees' returning home while in the last phase long-term investments and strengthening of courts is the main focus.

Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions. Your answer to these questions should be based on passage only.
Once upon a time I went for a week's holiday in the continent with an Indian friend. We both enjoyed ourselves and were sorry when the week was over, but on parting our behavior was absolutely different. He was plunged in despair. He felt that because the holiday was over all happiness was over until the world ended. He could not express his sorrow too much. But in me the Englishman came out strong ! could not see what there was to make a fuss about. It wasn't as if we were parting forever or dying. "Buck up", I said, "do buck up". He refused to buck up and I left him plugged in gloom

Direction: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions. Your answer to these questions should be based on passage only.
In a country where more than 400 million people live without electricity, it isn't political rhetoric and policies filtered through many layers of bureaucracy that will benefit people. An innovative approach to identifying and addressing the basic lack of infrastructure works best. This is best exemplified by the initiative to convert rice husks into electricity in Bihar. Pioneered by a company called Husk Power Systems, established in 2007, by Bihar native Gyanesh Pandey along with three partners- it's a peculiarly Indian initiative, making a virtue out of the necessity of low-cost solutions to large scale problems. In essence, Pandey and his partners have devised an electric distribution system powered by the waste product of rice husks, generated when rice is milled- something in abundant supply in Bihar where, it is estimated, 1.8 billion kg of rice husk are produced annually