Voice is the study of transitive verb. It is also the study of action of the subject and object.

Kinds of Voice

(1) Active Voice
(2) Passive Voice

(1) Active Voice :- In which the work is done done by the subject. Formula- Subject + verb + Object
Ex- He has called me.

(2) Passive Voice :- In which the work is done by the object.
Formula- Object + Helping verb + V₃ + by + subject
Ex- I have been called by him.

How To Change Active Into Passive :-

(1) The object is changed into the subject.
(2) An extra unit of auxiliary verb is used.
(3) Main verb will always be third form ( V₃ )
(4) Preposition 'by' is used.
(5) The subject is changed into the object.

Ex- Active- He was playing chess.
Passive- Chess was being played by him.

Change in Tenses

An extra unit of auxiliary verb is used.

Change in Pronouns

The 'object' is changed into the 'subject', and 'subject' is changed to 'object'.

Different tense in Active voice and Passive voice :-

(1) Present Indefinite -
Active - Subject + V₁ + Object
Passive- Object + is/am/are + V₃ + by + subject
Example-
Active- He drives my car.
Passive- My car is driven by him.
Active- Ram loves Sita.
Passive- Sita is loved by Ram.
Active- He gives her books to the poor boy.
Passive- The poor boy is given books by him.

(2) Present Continuous -
Active- Subject + is/am/are + v + ing + object
Passive- Object + is/am/are + being + V₃ + by + subject
Example-
Active- Laila is liking Manju.
Passive- Manju is being liked by laila.
Active- I am teaching voice.
Passive- Voice is being taught by me.

(3) Present Perfect -
Active- Subject + has/have + V₃ + object.
Passive- Object + has/have + been + V₃ + by + subject.
Example-
Active- She has finished the work.
Passive- The work has been finished by her.
Active- Laila has liked Manju.
Passive- Manju has been liked by Laila.

(4) Past Indefinite -
Active- Subject + V₂ + object
Passive- Object + was/were + V₃ + by + subject
Example-
Active- Hercules killed a lion.
Passive- A lion was killed by Hercules.
Active- Ram attended all seminars in Delhi.
Passive- All seminars were attended by Ram in Delhi.

(5) Past Continuous -
Active- Subject + was/were + V₁ + Ing + object
Passive- Object + was/were + being + V₃ + by + subject Example-
Active- He was playing football.
Passive- Football was being played by him.
Active- The committee was looking into the matter.
Passive- The matter was being looked into by the committee.

(6) Past Perfect -
Active- Subject + had + V₃ + object
Passive- Object + had + been + V₃ + by + subject
Example-
Active- Jon had cleaned the tables.
Passive- The tables had been cleaned by Jon.
Active- I had closed the door.
Passive- The door had been closed by me.

(7) Future Indefinite -
Active- Subject + shall/will + V₁ + object
Passive- Object + shall/will + be + V₃ + by + subject
Example-
Active- He will help you.
Passive- You will be helped by him.
Active- He will take dinner at 8 pm.
Passive- Dinner will be taken by her at 9 pm.

(8) Future Perfect -
Active- Subject + shall/will + have + V₃ + object
Passive- Object + shall/will + have + been + V₃ + by + subject
Active- She will have switched on the fan.
Passive- The fan will have been switched on by her.
Active- He will have taken medicines on time.
Passive- Medicines will have been taken by her on time.

Special Rules of voice

(1) Sentences with 'am to', 'was to', 'has to', 'had to', 'have to', 'has to', 'had to' ……………. , In 'to' sentences change active to passive add 'be'.
Active- Subject + am/was/has/had + to + v₁ + object
Passive- Object + am/was/has/had + to + be + v₃ + Subject
Example-
Active- He was to buy a car.
Passive- A car was to be bought by him.
Active- I have to finish the work.
Passive- The work have to be finished by me.
Active- She is to learn English.
Passive- English is to be learnt by her.

(2) Sentences with can, could, may, might, ………………..,
In 'model' sentences change active to passive add 'be'.
Active- Subject + can/could/might… + v₁ + object
Passive- Object + can/could/might …..+ be + v₃ + subject
Example-
Active- I can help you.
Passive- You can be helped by me.
Active- He must follow the rules.
Passive- The rules must be followed by him.
Active- He should take exercise.
Passive- Exercise should be taken by him.

(3) Sentences with double object :-
In this type of question two objects available.
Example-
Active- The teacher teaches me English.
Passive- I am taught English by the teacher.
Or, English is taught to me by the teacher
Active- The mother gave the baby a ball.
Passive- The baby was given a ball by the mother.
Or, A ball was given to the baby by the mother.

(4) Sentences with double preposition in passive
Take care of, look at, look after, look down upon, work into, laugh at, smile at, ……………
Example-
Active- He takes care of me.
Passive- I am taken care of by him.
Active- I am searching for a job.
Passive- A job is being search for by me.

(5) Sentences with people, police, someone, every body, any one, …………….,
In this type of sentences in passive voice we not used 'object' and 'by'.
Example-
Active- The people have arrested a thief.
Passive- A thief has been arrested.
Active- People speak English all over the world.
Passive- English is spoken all over the world.
Active- No one desire riots.
Passive- Riot are not desired.

(6) Sentences with a clause as object :-
In clause sentences structure of passive voice is-
It + extra unit +v₃ + clause
Example-
Active- People say that God is every where.
Passive- It is said that God is every where.
Active- We think that Noida is progressing.
Passive- It is thought that Noida is progressing.

(7) Sentences with it, here, there :-
To change active to passive in it, here, there sentence copy the sentence and add 'be' after 'to'.
Example-
Active- It is time to play.
Passive- It is time to be play.
Active- There was no food to eat.
Passive- There was no food to be eat.

(8) Voice of Imperative Sentence :-
(a) Main verb -
If a sentence give the meaning of order then change active to passive using this structure.
Let + object into subject in same case + be + v₃
If a sentence give the meaning of suggestion then change active to passive using this structure.
Object into subject + should be + v₃
Example-
Active- Call him.
Passive- Let him be called.
Active- Help the poor.
Passive- The poor should be helped.
Active- Bring a glass of water.
Passive- Let a glass of water be brought.
Active- Serve the country.
Passive- The country should be served.

(b) Do Not :- If a sentence start with Don't.
If a sentence give the meaning of order then change active to passive using this structure.
Let + obj into sub. in same case + not + be + v₃
If a sentence give the meaning of suggestion then change active to passive using this structure.
Obj into sub. + should not be + v₃
Example-
Active- Don't call him.
Passive- Let him not be called.
Active- Don't tease the animal.
Passive- The animal should not be teased.
Active- Don't make a noise.
Passive- Let a noise not be made.

(c) Let :- Some imperative sentences started with let.
Let + obj. into sub. same case + be + v₃ + by + sub. into obj. same case
Example-
Active- Let you call him.
Passive- Let him be called by you.
Active- Let her sing a song.
Passive- Let a song be sung by her.
Active- Let me play cricket.
Passive- Let cricket be played by me.

(d) Please, kindly :- Some imperative sentences started with please, kindly. To change active to passive remove please or kindly and use this structure
You are requested to + clause
Example-
Active- Please call him.
Passive- You are requested to call him.
Active- Kindly give me a pen.
Passive- You are requested to give me a pen.

(9) Voice of Interrogative sentences :-
In the passive voice of interrogative sentences, we start the sentence with the helping verb that goes with the object.
Active- Have you seen the Tajmahal ?
Passive- Has the Tajmahal been seen by you?
Active- Was he playing chess?
Passive- Was chess being played by him?
Active- When will you buy a car?
Passive- When will a car brought by you ?
Active- Why was the baby making a noise?
Passive- Why was a noise being made by the baby?
Note:- 'Who' changed into 'by whom'.
Active- Who will help you?
Passive- By whom will you helped?
Or, Who will you helped by?
Active- Who can believe a liar?
Passive- By whom can a liar be believed ?
Or, Who can a liar be believed by ?

(10) Voice of exclamatory sentence :-
Active- Hurrah! I have passed the exam.
Passive- Hurrah! The exam has been passed by me.
Active- Alas ! The thief looted him.
Passive- Alas ! He was looted.
Active- May god blem you!
Passive- May you be blemed by god!