Narration is the study of mode of expression. we express our self into two different forms.

(1) Direct Speech
(2) Indirect Speech

(1) Direct Speech:- If the sentence spoken by the speaker is written without any change, the sentence is said to be in the direct speech.
Ex- He said to me, " i have called you."

(2) Indirect Speech:- If the sentence spoken by the speaker is changed by the narrator following certain rules, it is called the indirect speech.
Ex- He told me that he had called me.

Direct speech have two parts

Reporting Speech :- Part of direct speech which is outside of inverted comma is called reporting speech. Verb in reporting speech is known as reporting verb and subject is known as reporting subject.

Reported Speech :- Part of direct speech which is inside of inverted comma is called reported speech.

How to change Direct into Indirect

General Rules of Narration

(1) Remove 'comma' and 'inverted comma' and conjunction 'that' is used.

(2) Change of Person :- Person change according to following rule.

S = Subject      1 = 1st Person ( I, we )
O = Object      2 = 2nd Person ( you )
N = No change      3 = 3rd Person ( He, she, it, they )

(3) Change of Tense/Verb :- The reporting verb is in present or future tense, then the tense of the reported speech does not change.

Ex- I have said to him, " I am going there."
I have told him that 9 am going there.
Ex- He will say to her, " I want to meet you."
He will say to her that he wants to meet her.

But, if the reporting verb is in past tense, then the tense of reported speech change as follow.

Ex- He said to me, " I want to meet you."
He told me that he wanted to meet me.
Ex- I said to me, " you have taken my pen."
I told me that i had taken my pen.
Ex- She said to me, " I don't like you."
She tole me that she din't like me.

Narration of Assertive Sentences

Special Rules:-
Rule-1- If in the reporting verb there is an 'object' then say to, says to, said to changed into tell, tells, told respectively. and say, says, said remains same.
Ex- He said to me, " I don't like you."
He told me that he didn't like me.
Ex- I said to her, " You are not serious."
I told her that she was not serious.
Ex- She said, " I am going."
She said that she was going.

Rule-2- If in the reported speech there is a name with comma then that name is added as the object of the reporting verb.
Ex- I said, " Ramesh, i haven't taken your pen."
I told Ramesh that i hadn't taken his pen.
Ex- He said, " Ramesh wants to go there."
He said that Ramesh wanted to go there.

Rule-3- Universal truth, habit, proverb, phrases, principle, laws - their tense never changes.
Ex- The hermit said, " God is omnipotent."
The hermit said that God is omnipotent.
Ex- He said, " I wake up at 4 'o' clock every morning."
He he said that he wakes up at 4 'o' clock every morning.

Rule-4- Some words in the reported speech also changed.
This - that
These - those
Here - there
Now - then
Today - that day
Tomorrow - the next day
Yesterday - the previous day
To night - that night
Ex- My friend said, " I am going there tomorrow."
My friend said that he was going there the next day.
Ex- I said, " This is my pen.
I said that that is my pen.

Rule-5- Pronoun 'we' for the name of magazine or newspaper is changed into 'it'.
Ex- The times of India said, " we are going to give this news."
The times of India said that it was going to give that news.
Ex- The eye-view said, " we are going to publish the matter."
The eye-view said that it was going to publish the matter.

Rule-6- Sir/Madam is changed into 'respectfully' and it comes after reporting verb.
Ex- The students said, " sir, we want to read narration.
The students said that respectfully that they wanted to read narration.
Ex- The servant said, " madam, i want leave."
The servant said respectfully that he wanted leave.

Rule-7- Yes - replied in affirmative
No - replied in negative
Used after reporting subject.
Ex- I said, " Yes, He is my friend."
I replied in affirmative that he was my friend.
Ex- Mohan said, " No, I don't read English.
Mohan replied in negative that he didn't read English.

Rule-8- Vocative case-
Reporting Sub. + addressed + the person vocated + as + the word of vocation + and said that -
Ex- The P.M said to the people, " Ladies and gentlemen, I am here to serve you."
The P.M addressed the people as ladies and gentlemen and said that he was here to serve them.
Ex- The C.M said to the victims of flood, " Brothers and sisters, I am much grieved."
The C.M addressed the victims as brother and sister and said that he was much grieved.

Narration of Interrogative sentence

Special Rules :-
(1) Auxiliary verb interrogative
Rule- (a) 'Said to' is changed into 'asked'
(b) Comma, inverted comma changed by 'if/whether'
(c) Interrogative change into assertive.
Ex- He said to me, " Have you taken my diary?"
He asked me if i had taken his diary.
Ex- She said, " Does he like me?"
She asked if he liked her.

(2) 'Wh' Interrogative :-
Any conjunction is not used before 'wh' words and other auxiliary verb rules are used.
Ex- He said to me, " Why are you making a noise?"
He asked me why i was making a noise.
Ex- My friend said to me, " When will you return my book?"
My friend asked me when i would return his book.
Ex- She said to me, " What can i do for you?"
She asked me what she could do for me.
Ex- I said, " Who is going there?"
I asked who was going there.

Narration of imperative sentences

Special rules
(1) Main verb :-
Rule- (a) 'Said to' is changed into ordered, wished, prayed, suggested, requested, ……….
(b) Main verb - Infinitive ( to + v₁ ) (c) Remove comma, inverted comma
Ex- The judge said, " call the first witness."
The judge ordered to call the first witness.
Ex- The doctor said to the patient, " Take complete bed rest."
The doctor suggested the patient to take complete bed rest.
Ex- The servant said, " Allow me leave."
The servant requested to allow him leave.

(2) Don't :-
Rule- (a) 'Said to' is changed into 'forbade'.
(b) Remove don't
(c) Main verb change into infinitive. (d) Remove comma, inverted comma
Ex- He said to me, " Don't go there."
He forbade me to go there.
Ex- I said, " Don't tease the old."
I forbade to tease the old.

(3) Please, Kindly -
Rule- ( a) 'Said' is changed into 'requested'
( b) Please, kindly - removed
(c) Main verb change into infinitive ( to + v₁ )
Ex- He said, " Please help me."
He requested to help him.
Ex- I said, " kindly give me a pen."
I requested to give me a pen.

(4) Let :- When reported speech started with Let then -
Rule- (a) 'Said' is changed into ordered, wished, proposed, supposed, ………..
(b ) Comma, inverted comma changed into 'that'
(c) Let is changed into 'should', after reported subject.
Ex- The principal said, " Let every one come on time."
The principal ordered that everyone should come on time.
Ex- The Maths teacher said, " Let it be a triangle."
The Maths teacher supposed that it should be a triangle.

Narration of Optative sentences

Rule- (a) 'Said' is changed into blessed, wished, prayed, cursed, ……………
(b) Comma, inverted comma changed into 'that'
(c) May is changed into 'might', after reported subject.
Ex- The hermit said, " May god bless him !"
The hermit prayed that God might bless him.
Ex- My father said to me, " may you top in the exam !"
My father blessed me that i might top in the exam.
Ex- My friend said, " May you win the first prize !"
My friend wished that i might win the first prize.
Ex- His enemy said," May cholera split you !"
His enemy cursed that cholera might split him.