Mrs. Mary Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September, 1997, following her nomination to the post by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the endorsement of the General Assembly. She assumed responsibility for the UN human rights programme at the time when the Office of the High Commissioner and the Centre for Human Rights were consolidated into a single Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).Mrs. Robinson came to the United Nations after a distinguished, seven-year tenure as President of Ireland. Mrs. Robinson was the first Head of State to visit Rwanda in the aftermath of the 1994 genocide there. Note : Prince Zeid bin Ra’ad Zeid al-Hussein is the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, having taken up this post in September 2014.

Correct Option: A

Mrs. Mary Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September, 1997, following her nomination to the post by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan and the endorsement of the General Assembly. She assumed responsibility for the UN human rights programme at the time when the Office of the High Commissioner and the Centre for Human Rights were consolidated into a single Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).Mrs. Robinson came to the United Nations after a distinguished, seven-year tenure as President of Ireland. Mrs. Robinson was the first Head of State to visit Rwanda in the aftermath of the 1994 genocide there. Note : Prince Zeid bin Ra’ad Zeid al-Hussein is the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, having taken up this post in September 2014.

India has witnessed many changes as a result of globalisation and liberalisation especially during the last decade of second millennium. We have less than 1 per cent share of world trade against more than 16% of world population. At the time of independence, it was higher at about 2% though it was forced to export more than its imports in order to meet the unilateral transfers. In 1950, the Indian share in the total world trade was 1.78%, which came down to 0.6% in 1995. According to the Economic Survey 2002-03, this percentage share of 0.6% continued in years 1997 and 1998. In 1999 this share has increased to 0.7% which clearly indicates that India has failed to increase its share in the total world trade.

Correct Option: C

India has witnessed many changes as a result of globalisation and liberalisation especially during the last decade of second millennium. We have less than 1 per cent share of world trade against more than 16% of world population. At the time of independence, it was higher at about 2% though it was forced to export more than its imports in order to meet the unilateral transfers. In 1950, the Indian share in the total world trade was 1.78%, which came down to 0.6% in 1995. According to the Economic Survey 2002-03, this percentage share of 0.6% continued in years 1997 and 1998. In 1999 this share has increased to 0.7% which clearly indicates that India has failed to increase its share in the total world trade.

Secretaries-General serve for five-year terms that can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far has held office for more than two terms. The United Nations Charter provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. The General Assembly can theoretically override the Security Council’s recommendation if a majority vote is not achieved, although this has not happened so far. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years, it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.

Correct Option: A

Secretaries-General serve for five-year terms that can be renewed indefinitely, although none so far has held office for more than two terms. The United Nations Charter provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. The General Assembly can theoretically override the Security Council’s recommendation if a majority vote is not achieved, although this has not happened so far. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years, it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants’ adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round.

Correct Option: C

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants’ adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round.

Structural adjustments are the policies implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (the Bretton Woods Institutions) in developing countries. These policy changes are conditions for getting new loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank, or for obtaining lower interest rates on existing loans. Conditionalities are implemented to ensure that the money lent will be spent in accordance with the overall goals of the loan. The Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) are created with the goal of reducing the borrowing country’s fiscal imbalances.

Correct Option: D

Structural adjustments are the policies implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (the Bretton Woods Institutions) in developing countries. These policy changes are conditions for getting new loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank, or for obtaining lower interest rates on existing loans. Conditionalities are implemented to ensure that the money lent will be spent in accordance with the overall goals of the loan. The Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) are created with the goal of reducing the borrowing country’s fiscal imbalances.