In a chemostat operating under steady state, a bacterial

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In a chemostat operating under steady state, a bacterial culture can be grown at dilution rate higher than maximum growth rate by

1. partial cell recycling
2. using sub-optimal temperature
3. pH cycling
4. substrate feed rate cyling

Correct Option: A

Chemostat is operated by supplying an essential growth limiting nutrient at a constant rate with the result that the culture density and growth rate adjust themselves to the supply.
At steady state,
dx / dt = 0 Therefore, μ = D
This equation shows that by simply varying the medium supply rate the growth rate can be varied.This equation holds true if μ eD or μ–D = positive.
Here, Dc = μ_max, i.e. the critical dilution rate is defined as the lowest dilution rate at which washout occurs.
Thus, for a bacterial culture to grow at dilution rate higher than maximum growth rate, the partial cell recycling is needed under steady state condition.