Correct Option: C

Real time quantitative PCR allows the sensitive, specific and reproducible quantification of nucleic acids. Real time PCR allows precise quantification of specific nucleic acids in a complex mixture even if the starting amount of the material is at a very low concentration. This is accompanied by monitoring the amplification of a target sequence in real time using fluorescent technology. A common approach uses SYBR GREEN I. It binds to any double stranded DNA which could result in inaccurate data. ​​
2-D electrophoresis is used to separate and display all gene products present. This technique technique separate proteins in two steps according to two independent properties: the first-dimension is isoelectric focussing (IEF), which separated proteins according to their more isoelectric points (pI); the second dimension is SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) which separates protein according to their molecular weights (MW). The procedure involves placing the sample in gel with a pH gradient and applying a potential difference across it. There are two alternative methods to create pH gradient → carries ampholytes and immobilized pH gradient (IPG) gels.
​​Affinity chromatography is a powerful tool for the purification of specific biomolecules, including proteins. The basic principle is that a biospecific ligand is immobilized to a solid support or resin to which a solution containing the protein of interest is passed over. Ligands are often based on biological functional pairs, such as enzymes and substrates or antigens and antibodies. The specific ligand binds the protein of interest and all non-specific molecules are washed away. The protein is eluted in a specific buffer, either by pH or ionic strength shift or by competitively displacement elution. Examples of resin are → CNBr-agarose, antibody linked sepharose beads, etc. ​​
Microarray is a multiplex lob on a chip. It is 2-D array on a solid substrate (usually a glass slide or silicon thin-film cell) that assays large amounts of biological material using high-throughput screening methods. Types of microarray include DNA microarrays (biochips are used), Protein microarrays, etc.