Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen. CMS is a maternally inherited trait that is often associated with unusual open reading frames (ORFs) found in mitochondrial genomes. Male fertility can be restored by nuclear-encoded fertility restorer (Rf) gene(s). These fertility-restorer genes are thought to block or compensate for cytoplasmic dysfunctions that are phenotypically expressed during pollen development. On the one hand, sterility results from mitochondrial genes causing cytoplasmic dysfunction, and on the other, fertility restoration relies on nuclear genes that suppress cytoplasmic dysfunction.

Correct Option: A

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen. CMS is a maternally inherited trait that is often associated with unusual open reading frames (ORFs) found in mitochondrial genomes. Male fertility can be restored by nuclear-encoded fertility restorer (Rf) gene(s). These fertility-restorer genes are thought to block or compensate for cytoplasmic dysfunctions that are phenotypically expressed during pollen development. On the one hand, sterility results from mitochondrial genes causing cytoplasmic dysfunction, and on the other, fertility restoration relies on nuclear genes that suppress cytoplasmic dysfunction.

Caspases, or cysteine-aspartic proteases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases are a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation.

Correct Option: D

Caspases, or cysteine-aspartic proteases or cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases are a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation.

Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Folke Skoog discovered their effects using coconut milk in the 1940s at the University of Wisconsin Madison.

Correct Option: B

Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Folke Skoog discovered their effects using coconut milk in the 1940s at the University of Wisconsin Madison.

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. Totipotent cells include spores and zygotes.

Correct Option: C

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. Totipotent cells include spores and zygotes.

The advantages of using a microalgal-based system in integration with flue gas emission are that:
• High purity CO₂ gas is not required for algal culture. Flue gas containing varying amounts of CO₂ can be fed directly to the microalgal culture. This will simplify CO₂ separation from flue gas significantly.
• Some combustion products such as NOx or SOx can be effectively used as nutrients for microalgae. This could simplify flue gas scrubbing for the combustion system.
• Microalgae culturing may yield high value commercial products. Sale of these high value products can offset the capital and the operation costs of the process.
• The envisioned process is a renewable cycle with minimal negative impacts on environment.

Correct Option: A

The advantages of using a microalgal-based system in integration with flue gas emission are that:
• High purity CO₂ gas is not required for algal culture. Flue gas containing varying amounts of CO₂ can be fed directly to the microalgal culture. This will simplify CO₂ separation from flue gas significantly.
• Some combustion products such as NOx or SOx can be effectively used as nutrients for microalgae. This could simplify flue gas scrubbing for the combustion system.
• Microalgae culturing may yield high value commercial products. Sale of these high value products can offset the capital and the operation costs of the process.
• The envisioned process is a renewable cycle with minimal negative impacts on environment.