In the past 60 years, antibiotics have been critical in the fight against infectious disease caused by bacteria and other microbes. In 1946, penicillin became generally available for treatment of bacterial infections, especially those caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Initially, the antibiotic was effective against all sorts of infections caused by these two Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin had unbelievable ability to kill these bacterial pathogens without harming the host that harbored them. It is important to note that a significant fraction of all human infections are caused by these two bacteria (i.e., strep throat, pneumonia, scarlet fever, septicemia, skin infections, wound infections, etc.). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, new antibiotics were introduced, including streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and the age of antibiotic chemotherapy came into full being. These antibiotics were effective against the full array of bacterial pathogens including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, intracellular parasites, and the tuberculosis bacillus. Synthetic antimicrobial agents such as the “sulfa drugs” (sulfonamides) and anti-tuberculosis drugs, such as para aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid (INH), were also brought into wider usage. At present, tuberculosis treatment does not involve the usage of penicillin. The drugs used in the tratment of tuberculosis are ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampicin, etc.

Correct Option: A

In the past 60 years, antibiotics have been critical in the fight against infectious disease caused by bacteria and other microbes. In 1946, penicillin became generally available for treatment of bacterial infections, especially those caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Initially, the antibiotic was effective against all sorts of infections caused by these two Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin had unbelievable ability to kill these bacterial pathogens without harming the host that harbored them. It is important to note that a significant fraction of all human infections are caused by these two bacteria (i.e., strep throat, pneumonia, scarlet fever, septicemia, skin infections, wound infections, etc.). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, new antibiotics were introduced, including streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and the age of antibiotic chemotherapy came into full being. These antibiotics were effective against the full array of bacterial pathogens including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, intracellular parasites, and the tuberculosis bacillus. Synthetic antimicrobial agents such as the “sulfa drugs” (sulfonamides) and anti-tuberculosis drugs, such as para aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid (INH), were also brought into wider usage. At present, tuberculosis treatment does not involve the usage of penicillin. The drugs used in the tratment of tuberculosis are ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampicin, etc.

Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, from the Greek word python, is a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Nepal, India, Burma, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.

Correct Option: D

Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, from the Greek word python, is a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Nepal, India, Burma, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.

Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeo-graphy and conservation.

Correct Option: D

Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeo-graphy and conservation.

Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands during high stress or exciting situations. This powerful hormone is part of the human body’s acute stress response system, also called the “fight or flight” response. It works by stimulating the heart rate, contracting blood vessels, and dilating air passages, all of which work to increase blood flow to the muscles and oxygen to the lungs. Additionally, it is used as a medical treatment for some potentially life-threatening conditions including anaphylactic shock. In the US, the medical community largely refers to this hormone as epinephrine, although the two terms may be used interchangeably.

Correct Option: C

Adrenaline is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands during high stress or exciting situations. This powerful hormone is part of the human body’s acute stress response system, also called the “fight or flight” response. It works by stimulating the heart rate, contracting blood vessels, and dilating air passages, all of which work to increase blood flow to the muscles and oxygen to the lungs. Additionally, it is used as a medical treatment for some potentially life-threatening conditions including anaphylactic shock. In the US, the medical community largely refers to this hormone as epinephrine, although the two terms may be used interchangeably.

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. All substances are toxic under the right conditions. The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of a test population (typically rats or other surrogates when the test concerns human toxicity).

Correct Option: D

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people. The relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is of high significance in toxicology. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. All substances are toxic under the right conditions. The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of a test population (typically rats or other surrogates when the test concerns human toxicity).